‘The great imitator’: Neurosyphilis and new-onset refractory status epilepticus (NORSE) syndrome

New-onset refractory status epilepticus (NORSE) is a syndrome of new-onset drug resistant status epilepticus that often has a catastrophic outcome. A 30-year-old man of Somali origin presented with refractory status to a district general hospital. A clinical diagnosis of NORSE syndrome was made, and he was transferred to the regional epilepsy center for immunomodulatory treatment and consideration for cyclophosphamide treatment. After transfer to the regional epilepsy center, his repeat cerebrospinal fluid tested strongly positive for syphilis, indicating a diagnosis of neurosyphilis, and the patient was treated with high-dose intravenous (IV) benzylpenicillin. His status epilepticus abated 24 h later. New-onset refractory status epilepticus syndrome is a diagnosis of exclusion. Before instigation of potentially harmful neuromodulatory therapies, treatable causes such as neurosyphilis should be considered. We advocate the early transfer of refractory status patients to a specialist epilepsy center for both seizure management and cause determination.